Technology in an educational context encompasses all tools, devices, or systems that engage learners in active knowledge construction through profound cognitive, creative, or social actions, such as problem-solving, critical reflection, or creative design. The decisive factor is the pedagogical function of the technology. It should open up opportunities for creation, foster collaborative interaction, or provide immediate feedback to support learning processes. This function can be fulfilled by digital tools such as robots or programming interfaces, analogue technologies such as mechanical experiment kits, or hybrid forms such as augmented reality books.

Technology differs from traditional media like books or blackboards through its inherent properties, such as the ability to adapt to individual learning needs, combine various media forms, or enable real-time feedback. At the same time, the effectiveness of technology depends heavily on the cultural and didactic context. A medium considered ‘passive’ in one setting (e.g., a book) can become activating in another through creative tasks. What matters is how the technology is embedded in purposeful pedagogical scenarios, whether through project-based learning, collaborative tasks, or reflective engagement.

Technology is thus a flexible tool, whose value lies in how it stimulates learning processes, be it through digital interaction, analogue experimentation, or the integration of culturally rooted practices with modern tools.” (Bilgin, 2025)